More information about Albania is available from the Department of State.
- 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report – Albania (PDF 122 KB)The Government of Albania does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so. The government demonstrated overall increasing efforts compared to the previous reporting period; therefore Albania remained on Tier 2. These efforts included updating standard operating procedures (SOPs) for victim identification and referral, allocating funding for victim coordinators in every prosecution office starting in 2019, and institutionalizing training on trafficking within the Border and Migration Police (BMP). The government also doubled the budget for the Office of the National Anti-Trafficking Coordinator (ONAC) and adopted the 2018-2020 national action plan. However, the government did not meet the minimum standards in several key areas. The government continued to investigate, prosecute, and convict fewer cases, leading to the lowest level of reported law enforcement actions in four years. Additionally, the government lacked proactive identification efforts and law enforcement, in particular, did not consistently participate in mobile victim identification units or consistently screen vulnerable populations. The government continued to delay funding for NGO-run shelters and did not consistently apply victim-centered approaches to investigations and prosecutions.
- Der Bundesdruckerei Skandal in 2002 im Spiegel
Verhaftung des Bujar Himci, der 3 höchsten Polizei Direktoren in Albanien im Bundesdruckerei Skandal am 4.10.2002
The FBI believes largely that the Albanian Mafia could be involved in “terrorist financing,” adding more specifically, “ties to organizations suspected of involvement in terrorist financing, (the international stolen car racket).”
- EU finanziert, gefördert und organisiert: Albanische Wahlen, wo sich nur Verbrecher Clans einkaufen
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2001: AAEF Reklame Tafeln an der damaligen National Strasse nach Tirana, wo man Tausende von illegalen Grundstücken verkaufte. ca. auf der Ostseite wo heute Mercedes illegal gebaut hat
Wie in Deutschland, haben korrupte Kriminelle und Idioten das Sagen, was ja mit Steinmeier, Rezzo Schlauch, Steinbrück, Jörg Asmussen anfing und 1 Billiarde Vermögen vernichtete in Deutschland mit Mafiösen US Consults und Hedge Funds.
Georg Soros Idioten müssen auch noch nach über 25 Jahren, dumme Kommentare zur Wirtschaft geben, was mit der „Schock Therapie“ begann, heute mit den Idioten der Zivilen Gesellschaft, Schwuchtel NGOs, und Pseudo Unis wie EUT in Tirana fortgesetzt wird.
Geldwäsche, Betrug, Drogen und Kinder Handel, die einzige Geschäftswelt der Albaner Mafia, wo immer mehr Einwohner auswandern, seitdem Idioten des Justizministeriums, mit der IRZ Stiftung auch noch Justiz bringen wollen mit iher „Camorra“ Organisation und Mission der Hirnlosen Inkompetenz.
http://albania.de2018/10/10/georg-soros-richardo-hausmann-bildung-dumme-werden-minister-und-praesidenten-in-albanien-in-tradition/
pixelschubser
Aug. 12, 2019., 15:44 •
Die Amerikaner, mit USAID, dem AAEF Fund, sind ein wichtiger Faktor zum Korrumpieren der Balkan REgierungen, der Albanischen Regierung, wo jetzt Alles schön geredet wird. identisch die Deutschen KfW und AA Hofschranzen. Den Drogen Handel geduldet, aufgebaut, haben die Amerikaner wie überall in der Welt, inklusive Privatisierungs Betrug, u.a. mit Georg Soros und General Wesley Clark, eine Skrupellose Totes Ratte
Was sind die wichtigsten Anliegen heute für Albanien? von Interview / US Balkan-Experte Alon Ben-Meir:
Leider seit dem Fall des Kommunismus, Albanien wurde von korrupten Politikern regiert, die das Image beschädigt und konnte den Prozess des Beitritts zur Europäischen Union verzögern. Es gibt mehrere EU-Mitgliedstaaten, die die Integration Albaniens an dieser Stelle widersetzen, gerade wegen der anhaltenden Korruption und organisierte Kriminalität. Diese Tatsachen stellen eine große Herausforderung an die Regierung, egal wie aufrichtig ihre Anstrengungen mit den einheimischen Problemen zu behandeln.
Die politische Krise zwischen dem Premierminister von Albanien Edi Rama und Präsident Ilir Meta hat sich sehr schnell eskaliert. Wie sehen Sie diesen politischen Konflikt zwischen ihnen?
http://shekulli.com.al/alon-ben-meir-ne-qeveri-ka-korrupsion-amerikanet-refuzojne-te-investojne/
Gjoka
Okt. 23, 2019., 20:24 •
Alles ausser Kontrolle, stellt die Staatsaufsicht fest Ministerium für Infrastruktur und Energie ist direkt verantwortlich für den größten Teil der PPP, die besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdienen, gerade weil Veliaj Bürgermeister lobte sie als „innovative Maßnahmen“ , während der ehemalige Infrastrukturminister Damian Gjiknuri beschrieben als Anlageformen „erfolgreich „und“ steuerbar“. SAI widerlegt völlig diese Forderungen: „SSA stellt fest, dass die Überwachung von Konzessionsverträgen hat sich bisher bewährt jenseits staatlicher Kontrolle und zahlreiche Probleme, die tatsächlich die Frage der Qualität der Vorbereitung des Vertrages und messbare Indikatoren hebt auf die Dienste überwachen, für die sie diese Verträge verbunden sind. (Seite 53) " Ein typischer Fall ist die Konzession Nationalstraße, die die Regierung das Konsortium zwischen Salillari gab und Preiselbeeren, die beide großen oligarchischen Unternehmen mit engen Verbindungen zur Regierung Rama. Während 2019 wurde der Staat gezwungen zu zahlen 5,6 Millionen Euro zusätzliche Konzessionsgesellschaft, aufgrund von Mängeln im Vertrag, zusätzlich zu den Zahlungen. SAI Schlussfolgerungen in diesem Bericht unterstützt die weit verbreitete Kritik an den internationalen Institutionen gegen die Verwendung von PPP - Regierung Rama. Einige von ihnen sind den Europäischen Rechnungshof , das Europäische Netzwerk zu Schulden und Entwicklung , IWF , EBRD, Weltbank und Europäische Kommission . Ferner besteht SAI über die Klassifizierung von PPP ‚s Kosten als die öffentliche Verschuldung als Beratung und ESA 2010 Rechnungslegungsstandards , die so haben , um Regierung Rama weit vermieden, um künstlich die öffentlichen Schulden zu reduzieren: exit.al https://exit.al/2019/10/klsh-qeveria-ka-devijuar-shifrat-ppp-te-jashte-kontrollit/
BuckZiehsMutter
Apr. 19, 2022., 19:26 •
Original M. Musabelliu China-Central and Eastern European Research Institute 2022-03-18 08:24 Summary The way the Albanian government spends public funds in normal times is very different from that in times of crisis. Albania's economy has performed exceptionally for three years in a row, with a record rise in public debt sapping the government's fiscal capacity for investment and other areas. In addition, weak taxation capacity, rising arrears, and the immediate initiation of concession contracts without feasibility studies have left the state budget unbearable for further or potential emergencies. Albania has one of the highest levels of public debt among countries in the region, which is a major weakness in the Albanian financial sector. Albany's public debt is showing an unstoppable increase. The main reasons for the rapid increase in public debt in Albania are the increase in government borrowing due to the increase in the fiscal deficit over the past few years and lower tax revenues. In addition, the "debt build-up" in the public debt sector has worsened due to higher spending in 2020 (used for post-earthquake reconstruction the previous year) and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the country's economy over the past two years. According to recently released data, Albania's public debt has reached its highest level since 1991. background The country's public debt is expected to reach 80.1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021, the highest level in 30 years, the Albanian Finance Ministry said in its 2023-2025 Macroeconomic Framework Forecast. Figures in the document show that in 2021 Albania's GDP will be around 13.7 billion euros and public debt is expected to exceed 11 billion euros. Over the past two years, the government has increased its public debt by some 2 billion euros in response to natural disasters, earthquakes and epidemics, much of which has been used to fund disaster-relief-related projects. In June 2021, the government passed a bill to continue to increase public debt to a total of about 80.1% of the initial budgeted GDP, a 3% increase from the previous draft debt budget amount. Over the past year, the government has increased public debt faster than economic growth, and Albania's per capita income has grown slower than per capita debt. Short-Term Consequences vs Long-Term Consequences The most immediate manifestation of soaring public debt is tax increases. Specifically, over the past 5 years, the country has increased per capita taxes on its citizens by around 1,000 euros. If you calculate carefully, each child born in Albania currently has a debt of 5,000 euros, which they will pay in the future through taxation. In order to join the EU, Albania must comply financially with the Maastricht Treaty. The government debt required by the Maastricht Treaty is less than 60% of GDP, yet Albania's public debt already exceeds 80% of GDP. Currently, the Albanian government spends 7.9% of the state budget on debt service. If current trends continue, it is estimated that more than 10% of the national budget will be used as interest to pay down the public debt. The increase in public debt during the crisis is a complex global phenomenon, and Albania is no exception, the governor of the Bank of Albania (BoA) said, blaming the country's epidemic and earthquakes for the increase. However, the focus of the future national fiscal policy should be how to reduce public debt, prevent the adverse impact of public debt on the financial market and the normal operation of the state's finances, and increase the flexibility of the state's fiscal policy. Unexplained Debt Both international and national economists agree that the actual figures on Albania's public debt are much higher than the figures published by the government. Because, there are two things that are not counted by the government: one is the debt in the public-private partnership (PPP) project, and the other is the money owed by the Albanian government to international arbitration (arbitration bills). As far as PPP projects are concerned, the PPP projects with the longest duration of cooperation are the construction of landfills, incinerators and rehabilitation of the existing landfill in Tirana, as well as the construction, improvement and maintenance of the Milot-Morina highway. Since the PPP project cooperation agreement is confidential, the Albanian people only know the inside story when some scandals break out. From the disclosed national budget plan, the following data can be estimated, that is, the government's debt in the aforementioned PPP project in 2020 is about 1.48 billion euros, and an additional 112 million euros will be added to the national budget in 2021. Therefore, the government is in the aforementioned PPP project. The total liabilities in the project are approximately EUR 1.59 billion. Eurostat ranks Albania as a country with a high risk of public debt, as the country's PPP project debt amounts to about 11.4% of GDP, followed by Slovakia (2.42%) and Portugal (2.26%). The following table shows the debt of Albania and other European countries government and social capital cooperation projects as a percentage of their own GDP picture Source: OpenData Albania In terms of money owed by the government to international arbitration, the State Supreme Audit of Albania pointed out that the Albanian government will soon have to pay 170 million euros in damages in the field of international arbitration due to the loss of the case. According to the data given by the National Audit Office of Albania, the list of compensation for the lost cases is as follows: (1) Compensation of 111 million euros to Italian investor Francesco Becchetti. After Albania confiscated his property in 2015, Pochetti sued the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). (2) 45 million euros in compensation to the Greek company Actor, which cooperated with Copri to build the Tirana "Elbasani" tunnel and two other highway sections. In addition, the Albanian government also needs to pay the arbitration fee and the "demurrage fee" generated by the extension of the payment, which totals more than 15 million euros. However, according to Albanian economists, the amount of damages due to losing the case could be much higher than 170 million euros, since there are still some government losing cases that are not counted. Statistics show that there are about 106 cases against the Albanian government at the European Court of Human Rights and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. For example, the Albanian government wants to pay 110 million euros to Akërnia, 100 million euros to Kurum, 110 million to Dondi & Kubota, and 150 million euros to Fusha. Even if the Albanian government wins in some cases, the government has to pay high court attorney fees, litigation fees (arbitration fees). In the end, these costs are shared with every Albanian taxpayer, and many academics have questioned the accuracy of the government's published debt figures. Therefore, the government's claim that public debt is 80.1% of GDP is clearly inaccurate. If you include PPP project liabilities and compensation for lost arbitration, the share of public debt in GDP may exceed 92%. If the public debt of the government is shared equally among every Albanian, in 2013 each Albanian needs to pay 2,600 euros, in 2020 it is 3,600 euros, and in 2021 it has risen to 5,000 euros. Looking Ahead: Some IMF Estimates and Recommendations The latest report of the International Monetary Fund pointed out that the financing environment in Albania will be more severe in the future as inflation expectations in major developed economies may unravel, leading to tightening of global financial conditions. At present, Albania not only faces huge financing needs due to a large number of domestic construction projects, but also needs to face the underdeveloped domestic market and the repayment of domestic and foreign arrears. Therefore, the government urgently needs to formulate a debt management strategic plan to assess debt risks. , to guide the government's business and investment behavior. In addition, the government needs to live within its means, implement a fiscal management plan based on real income, seek additional financing, and be prepared to tighten monetary policy. Finally, the IMF urges the Albanian authorities to closely monitor and manage risks in the fiscal and financial sector. Epilogue Although Albania's public debt has been increasing, this has not led to misuse of public spending. Developing the economy and accelerating economic growth is the best solution to this problem. Debt itself may not be a bad thing, the question is how to use the debt funds. It's all worth it when it comes to higher interest returns through debt investments. In Albania, however, the opposite is true, with public debt growing but not translating into higher-value real returns. Therefore, the country needs to adjust existing policies to meet national development needs in order to maintain fiscal sustainability and financial stability. http://www.china-ceec.org/eng/